What does the term "wake turbulence" refer to?

The term "wake turbulence" specifically refers to the disturbances in the air caused by an aircraft as it moves through the atmosphere. When an aircraft generates lift, it creates vortices at the wingtips, which are essentially rotating air currents that can lead to turbulence behind the aircraft. This phenomenon is of particular concern for following aircraft, especially smaller ones, as they can be significantly affected by the strength of these vortices. Pilots and air traffic controllers need to be aware of wake turbulence when planning takeoffs, landings, and flight paths to ensure safety and maintain adequate separation between aircraft.

The other options do not accurately reflect the meaning of "wake turbulence." For instance, noise produced by aircraft engines is not related to the air disturbances caused by the airplane's flight path. Similarly, visual signals between aircraft pertain to communication methods rather than the physical impact of aircraft on surrounding air. Weather patterns influencing flight do not encompass the specific aerodynamic effects created by an aircraft's movement through the air.